Warmer Than Lisbon at Night in January: 15 Places in Europe
Fifteen places in Southern Europe and its Atlantic islands whose January nights are milder than Lisbon's, counted down on one measure: the January average nightly low, 1991-2020, from each country's official climate normals (Spain, Italy, France, Cyprus, Croatia and Montenegro as filed with the World Meteorological Organization and archived by NOAA NCEI; Portugal's IPMA; Greece's HNMS), against IPMA's normal for Lisbon's city-center station, the milder of Lisbon's two. Thirty stations beat Lisbon and five tie; none in France, Croatia or Montenegro. Scope: mainland Southern Europe and the islands of its countries, the Canaries, Madeira and the Azores included; Melilla (North Africa) and Turkey left out; Malta not ranked (no 1991-2020 normal we could open). A margin within the combined rounding of two printed values is a tie. With the January afternoons, February nights, rain days and hot days for each place from the same normals, ISTAT population estimates, and the official tourism and heritage pages (spain.info, visitgreece.gr, italia.it, Sardegna Turismo, Parques de Sintra, Visit Azores, Visit Madeira, elhierro.travel, the Greek Ministry of Culture, UNESCO, Caronte & Tourist) for the everyday details. The °F conversions, margins, distances, rankings and the comparisons across stations are our calculations.
Every number in the video is listed below with where it comes from and the date we checked it. Numbers we calculated ourselves are marked as our calculation. If a page has changed since then, please tell us in the comments under the video or at [email protected], and we'll correct it.
What we said, and where it comes from
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « Messina » (16420; header « 16420,38|11|59|N,15|32|56|E,54 », in the city, 54 m): mean daily minimum January « 16420,4,Mean,1,10.12 » (10.12 °C = 50.2 °F), mean daily maximum January « 16420,3,Mean,1,14.81 » (14.81 °C = 58.7 °F). Against Lisbon (C2: 8.6 °C = 47.5 °F nights, 15.1 °C = 59.2 °F afternoons): nights +2.7 °F (said « almost three degrees »), afternoons −0.5 °F (said « about half a degree cooler »). Our conversion: °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. The figure is an average over the years with data (NoY 30 for January), not a forecast. Same file as 017 C9.
Our calculation
IPMA, « Normal Climatológica – Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico 1991-2020 », station 535, 77 m, « Versão: 1.0 de 2024 »: « TX [°C] » January 15.1, February 16.4, December 15.4; « TN [°C] » January 8.6, February 9.1, December 9.4. Legend: « Média da Temperatura Máxima Diária do ar » (TX) and « Média da Temperatura Mínima Diária do ar » (TN), the same statistics as the WMO files' daily maximum and minimum means. Our conversion: 8.6 °C = 47.5 °F (said 47), 15.1 °C = 59.2 °F, 16.4 °C = 61.5 °F. Lisbon's other IPMA station, Gago Coutinho by the airport, is colder (C3): we compare against the warmer one, the harder Lisbon to beat.
Our calculation
IPMA, « Normal Climatológica – Lisboa / Gago Coutinho 1991-2020 », station 579, 104 m: « TX [°C] » January 14.4; « TN [°C] » January 7.8 (our conversion 58 °F and 46 °F).
Our calculation
IPMA (Lisbon): « Foram usadas para o cálculo das normais 1991-2020 séries homogéneas de dados de temperatura do ar e de precipitação. » … « Os valores podem mudar devido a atualizações contínuas de controlo de qualidade e homogeneidade. » … « Observações: Série híbrida. » IPMA's normals mix observed and locally modelled data (WRF); Italy's WMO files are averages over the years with data. Same period and the same statistic on both sides, with a processing difference we cannot size; our rule: a margin within IPMA's one-decimal rounding (0.05 °C, about 0.1 °F) is a tie, a margin under 1 °F is slim and said « by less than a degree ».
NOAA NCEI, Region VI explanatory information: « Italy, 1991-2020 Climatological Normals » … « Data for 84 stations were provided by the WMO Member in individual Comma Separated Values (CSV) files. » Portugal has no folder in the archive's Region VI set (directory listing checked 10/18/2026), so Lisbon comes from IPMA, Portugal's weather service, on the same period (C2; the same explanatory file as 017 C14).
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « Cozzo Spadaro » (16480; header « 16480,36|41|10|N,15|7|53|E,46 »; by the Cozzo Spadaro lighthouse, C14): mean daily minimum January « 16480,4,Mean,1,9.62 » (9.62 °C = 49.3 °F), mean daily maximum January « 16480,3,Mean,1,15.52 » (15.52 °C = 59.9 °F). Against Lisbon (C2): nights +1.8 °F, afternoons +0.8 °F (slim, said « by less than a degree »); against Ustica (C9: 49.0 °F) nights +0.3 °F (« a fraction of a degree »). NoY 30 for January. Our conversion: °F = °C × 9/5 + 32.
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « Gela » (16453; header « 16453,37|4|35|N,14|13|30|E,58 »): mean daily minimum January « 16453,4,Mean,1,9.05 » (9.05 °C = 48.3 °F), mean daily maximum January « 16453,3,Mean,1,15.46 » (15.46 °C = 59.8 °F). Against Lisbon (C2): nights +0.45 °C (+0.8 °F), afternoons +0.36 °C (+0.6 °F), both slim under the C4 rule and said « by less than a degree ». Gela is the fifth place of the night ranking, so the count of five rests on this slim margin. NoY 30.
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « Pantelleria » (16470; header « 16470,36|48|50|N,11|58|16|E,191 », the airport, 191 m = 627 ft): mean daily minimum January « 16470,4,Mean,1,10.40 » (10.40 °C = 50.7 °F, said 51), mean daily maximum January « 16470,3,Mean,1,14.01 » (14.01 °C = 57.2 °F); January maximum based on « 16470,3,NoY,98,26 » years (26 of 30). Against Lisbon (C2): nights +3.2 °F, afternoons −2.0 °F. The mildest January mean minimum of the 82 Italian stations with January values (C12). Southwest of Sicily: Pantelleria 36°48'N 11°58'E against Trapani Birgi, on Sicily's west coast, 37°54'N 12°29'E (C11).
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « Ustica » (16400; header « 16400,38|42|26|N,13|10|38|E,242 », 242 m = 794 ft): mean daily minimum January « 16400,4,Mean,1,9.46 » (9.46 °C = 49.0 °F), mean daily maximum January « 16400,3,Mean,1,13.87 » (13.87 °C = 57.0 °F); January maximum based on « 16400,3,NoY,98,27 » years (27 of 30). Against Lisbon (C2): nights +1.5 °F, afternoons −2.2 °F. The station's height and the word « hill » come from the header (242 m on an island whose harbor is at sea level); the file does not name the site.
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, « Catania Sigonella » (16459): « 16459,4,Mean,1,4.76 » (41 °F), « 16459,3,Mean,1,15.90 » (61 °F; 017's thumbnail figure, not reused). « Catania Fontanarossa » (16460) gives highs and lows only for September and October.
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, « Trapani Birgi » (16429; header « 16429,37|54|51|N,12|29|29|E,7.3 », the airport on the west coast): « 16429,4,Mean,1,7.61 » (46 °F, 1.8 °F under Lisbon), « 16429,3,Mean,1,15.05 » (59 °F, a tie with Lisbon under the C4 rule).
Our calculation
Our comparison of all 84 Italian WMO files with Lisbon / Instituto Geofísico (C2), recomputed from fresh downloads on 10/18/2026: 82 give January highs and lows (Capo San Lorenzo and Catania Fontanarossa leave January blank). Milder January nights than Lisbon's 8.6 °C: Pantelleria 10.40, Messina 10.12, Capo Carbonara 9.86 (Sardinia), Cozzo Spadaro 9.62, Ustica 9.46, Ponza 9.29, Gela 9.05, Capo Caccia 9.00 (Sardinia), Capri 8.66 (a tie under the C4 rule); the five in Sicily are Pantelleria, Messina, Cozzo Spadaro, Ustica and Gela. Beating Lisbon on both January afternoons (15.1 °C) and nights: only Cozzo Spadaro and Gela. February: no Italian station beats Lisbon's afternoon mean of 16.4 °C (the highest, Catania Sigonella, 16.23 °C); only Messina, Pantelleria, Capo Carbonara and Cozzo Spadaro have milder February nights than Lisbon's 9.1 °C. December (Lisbon 15.4 / 9.4 °C): all five Sicilian places have milder nights. Recomputed a second time from fresh downloads of all 84 files at the source check (same 82 stations with January values, the same nine milder nights, the same two both ways, February afternoon maximum Catania Sigonella 16.23 °C). An own count over the whole directory: the source check tracks the directory listing and the IPMA file for changes.
Our calculation
The 84 files Italy submitted (list in the explanatory information) include « Catania_Fontanarossa_16460.csv » and « Catania_Sigonella_16459.csv » but no Palermo, Siracusa, Cefalù, Taormina or Lampedusa file; the Catania city airport file (Fontanarossa) has no January highs or lows, and Sigonella is an air base inland of the city (C10).
INGV station sheet for its seismic post « Postazione di PORTOPALO » … « Ubicazione stazione: Presso il faro di Cozzo Spadaro » (the post at 36°41'8.7"N 15°07'57.97"E, 15 m; the WMO weather station header gives 36°41'10"N 15°07'53"E, 46 m, a neighboring site). The sheet's comune field reads « Comune: PACHINO » while Italian and English Wikipedia place the lighthouse in Portopalo di Capo Passero; the video names the place (« by the lighthouse », « Sicily's southeastern tip ») and never a municipal border.
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « Capo Carbonara » (header « 16564,39|6|14|N,9|30|49|E,116 », on the cape, 116 m): January mean daily minimum « 16564,4,Mean,1,9.86 » (9.86 °C = 49.7 °F, said 50; Lisbon 47.5 °F, margin +2.3 °F), mean daily maximum « 16564,3,Mean,1,14.92 » (58.9 °F; Lisbon 59.2 °F, −0.3 °F, slim under the C28 tie rule), years with data « 16564,4,NoY,98,28 ». Cagliari Elmas (« 16560,39|15|0|N,9|3|36|E,4 »): « 16560,4,Mean,1,5.45 » (5.45 °C = 41.8 °F, said 42; 7.9 °F colder than Capo Carbonara). Our distance from the two headers: 42 km = 26 mi. Was the validation's fallback C15.
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, « Total_Number_of_Hours_of_Sunshine », January sums: Gela « 16453,8,Sum,4,172.64 » (÷ 31 days = 5.6 h a day, said « about five and a half »), Cozzo Spadaro « 16480,8,Sum,4,166.74 », Ustica « 16400,8,Sum,4,133.74 », Pantelleria « 16470,8,Sum,4,132.50 », Messina « 16420,8,Sum,4,130.04 ». Our comparison: Gela has the most January sunshine of the five. Lisbon's IPMA normal sheet prints no sunshine row, so no Lisbon comparison is said.
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Italy, Gela (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Italy, Cozzo Spadaro (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Italy, Ustica (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Italy, Pantelleria (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Italy, Messina (csv)
Our calculation
Days with precipitation of 1 mm or more, January: Messina « 16420,2,Count,5,10.96 » (the most of the five), Ustica « 16400,2,Count,5,8.80 », Pantelleria « 16470,2,Count,5,8.71 », Cozzo Spadaro « 16480,2,Count,5,7.94 », Gela « 16453,2,Count,5,7.41 » (WMO normals 1991-2020); Lisbon / Instituto Geofísico « P ≥ 1 mm » January 10.0 (IPMA). Our comparison: Portopalo (7.9) has about two fewer rainy January days than Lisbon (10.0); Messina about one more.
Our calculation
Days with a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) or more, year: Cozzo Spadaro « 16480,12,Count,5,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.30,5.06,17.22,21.64,4.55,0.11,0.00,0.00,48.88 » (WMO normals 1991-2020); Lisbon / Instituto Geofísico « TX ≥ 30 °C » year 33.2 (IPMA). Our ratio: 48.88 ÷ 33.2 = 1.47 (« half again as many »). The same threshold on both sides (30 °C).
Our calculation
ISTAT, « Popolazione residente per età e sesso al 1° gennaio 2026 (stima) », totals (age row 999): Messina (083048) 216,458; Gela (085007) 70,109; Pantelleria (081014) 7,150; Portopalo di Capo Passero (089020) 3,890; Ustica (082075) 1,323, of whom 400 aged 65 or more (our sum of the age rows, 30.2 %). Estimates for 01/01/2026.
italia.it (Italy's official tourism portal, Ministry of Tourism), « Gela »: « Poco distante dal parco, alle spalle dell’ospedale Vittorio Emanuele, potete ammirare i resti del complesso delle Terme Ellenistiche, l’impianto termale più antico finora scoperto in Italia. » The page says nothing about the hospital's services.
Eni news, « La bioraffineria di Gela celebra 60 anni di attività e trasformazione e guarda al futuro » (10/2025): « Enrico Mattei, che immaginava l’impianto di Gela come uno dei più grandi complessi petrolchimici d’Europa, posò la prima pietra nel giugno 1960, mentre il Presidente della Repubblica Giuseppe Saragat, il 10 marzo 1965, partecipò alla cerimonia di inaugurazione del nuovo stabilimento petrolchimico di Gela » … « da polo petrolchimico alimentato da materie prime fossili, a bioraffineria che tratta esclusivamente prodotti di origine biogenica e rinnovabile. » The page does not say where the plant sits relative to the town center; the video says only « here » (Gela).
italia.it, « Area Marina Protetta Isola di Ustica »: « Fortemente voluta dai pescatori di Ustica per proteggere il proprio mare e le sue risorse, la Riserva Marina di Ustica è stata la prima area marina protetta d’Italia, istituita insieme a Miramare a Trieste nel 1986. » … « A Punta Gavazzi, all’ombra di un faro, tra 10 e 24 metri di profondità si snoda un itinerario archeologico subacqueo attrezzato » … « reperti di età romana e bizantina, perlopiù ancore e anfore di navi » … « La parte meno profonda del percorso è aperta anche all’attività in snorkeling. »
Caronte & Tourist Isole Minori – Siremar (the operator): « Reaching Ustica from Palermo is easy and convenient with Caronte & Tourist Isole Minori - Siremar ferry services. »; « Reaching Pantelleria from Trapani is easy thanks to the Caronte & Tourist Isole Minori - Siremar ferry service. » … « You can book internal or external cabins for maximum comfort, or a Pet Cabin if you are traveling with your pet. » Neither page gives a crossing time or a winter timetable; the video says neither.
Our calculation
italia.it, « Portopalo di Capo Passero »: « Only a small strip of shallow sea separates the coast of Portopalo from the Island of Capo Passero: roughly 300 metres, which you can cross on small boats or pedal boats, swim or even walk, when the tide is low. » … « The only signs of human habitation are the warehouses of the old tuna factory and the Fort of Capo Passero » (our conversion: 300 m = 984 ft, « about a thousand feet »). The English page is marked « automatically translated ».
italia.it, « Astronomical clock in Piazza Duomo in Messina »: « In Messina, in Piazza Duomo, you can find the largest and most complex astronomical clock in the world » … figures « in bronze are animated, positioned in carousels on several levels of the bell tower » … « The roaring lion, shaking its tail and head while waving the flag » … « that springs into life at midday » … « lasting just under a quarter of an hour. The big show starts at noon. » … « the City of the Strait also called the "Gate of Sicily" ».
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, « Traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the ‘vite ad alberello’ (head-trained bush vines) of the community of Pantelleria », inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2014 (decision 9.COM): « About 5,000 inhabitants own a plot of land, which they cultivate using sustainable methods. » … « The ground is prepared by levelling the soil and digging a hollow to plant the vine. The main stem of the vine is then carefully pruned to produce six branches, forming a bush with a radial arrangement. » … « The wine grapes are then harvested by hand during a ritual event starting at the end of July. »
Our calculation
Our count, 10/18/2026, January mean daily minimum against Lisbon / Instituto Geofísico 8.6 °C (C2), the C28 tie rule applied. Files read: NOAA NCEI WMO 1991-2020 normals, Region VI, version 6.6 (the latest version in accession 0253808): Spain 83 csv, Italy 84 (83 with a January minimum), France 149 (139 with one), Cyprus 3, Croatia 2, Montenegro 9; IPMA's 57 normals 1991-2020 (Lisbon's three left out: 54); HNMS's 53 climate stations, 33 with a 1991-2020 January minimum. Milder by more than the rounding (30): Spain 10 (El Hierro 17.0, La Palma 15.7, Gran Canaria 15.6, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 15.5, Tenerife Sur 15.2, Fuerteventura 15.2, Lanzarote 13.6, Tenerife Los Rodeos 10.3, Cádiz 9.6, Palma-Puerto 8.9), Portugal 8 (Funchal 14.3, Porto Santo 13.7, Horta 12.9, Ponta Delgada 12.7, Flores 12.5, Angra do Heroísmo 12.5, Cabo da Roca 10.0, Cabo Carvoeiro 9.9), Italy 8 (Pantelleria 10.40, Messina 10.12, Capo Carbonara 9.86, Cozzo Spadaro 9.62, Ustica 9.46, Ponza 9.29, Gela 9.05, Capo Caccia 9.00), Greece 4 (Rhodes 10.5, Santorini 9.9, Heraklion 9.2, Kos 9.0). Level (5): Almería 8.7, Mykonos 8.7, Capri 8.66, Paphos 8.6, Sagres 8.5 (C53). None in France (Corsica and the Riviera included), Croatia or Montenegro. Scope: mainland Southern Europe and the islands of its countries (the Canaries, Madeira and the Azores included); Melilla (« 60338,4,Mean,1,10.3 », Spain's city on the North African coast) and Turkey's south coast (Asia) are left out. Malta has no folder in the NCEI Region VI set (directory listing) and its weather office publishes no 1991-2020 normals table we could open, so Malta is not ranked. Portugal and Greece have no folder in the NCEI set either; their own services publish the 1991-2020 normals (C2, C28).
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Region VI (directory listing)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Spain (directory of csv files)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Spain, Melilla (csv)
- IPMA — Normais climatológicas 1991-2020 (index of station pdfs)
- HNMS / EMY — climate stations (API list behind the climatic-data page)
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico (pdf)
Our calculation
Greece: HNMS (EMY) publishes normal values per station on « Κλιματικά δεδομένα » (climatic data) with a period selector that includes « 1991-2020 »; the API record behind it gives, for the period « 1991-2020 », monthly temperature fields « min », « max » and « avg », shown on the page under the labels « Minimum monthly {parameter} », « Mean monthly {parameter} » and « Maximum monthly {parameter} » (HNMS i18n messages). Our reading: « min » is the average daily minimum (the January values, 9.2 °C at Heraklion and −2.1 °C at Kastoria, are average nightly lows, far above each station's absolute January lows), the same statistic as IPMA's TN and the WMO files' Daily_Minimum_Temperature Mean (C2). HNMS prints one decimal and gives no years-with-data count. Tie rule (extends C4): a margin within the combined rounding of the two published values is a tie: ±0.05 °C against Italy's two-decimal files, ±0.1 °C when both sides print one decimal (Spain, France, Cyprus, Portugal, Greece); a larger margin under 1 °F is slim and said « by less than a degree ».
- HNMS / EMY — Κλιματικά δεδομένα (climatic data), normal values
- HNMS / EMY — web portal labels (English messages file)
- HNMS / EMY (Greece's national weather service) — climate data, normal values, station Heraklion (API record behind https://www.emy.gr/climatic-data)
- HNMS / EMY (Greece's national weather service) — climate data, normal values, station Kastoria (API record behind https://www.emy.gr/climatic-data)
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « PALMA-PUERTO » (header « 8301,39|33|19|N,002|37|31|E,3 », the port, 3 m): January mean daily minimum « 8301,4,Mean,1,8.9 » (48.0 °F; Lisbon 47.5 °F, +0.5 °F, slim), February 8.7 (Lisbon 9.1, −0.7 °F); mean daily maximum « 8301,3,Mean,1,16.5 » (61.7 °F, +2.5 °F). Days with a maximum of 30 °C or more, year: « 8301,121,Count,5 » … 41.3 (Lisbon 33.2, C18). Airport station « PALMA DE MALLORCA/SON SAN JUAN » (« 8306,39|33|39|N,002|44|12|E,8 »): « 8306,4,Mean,1,4.7 » (40.5 °F, 7.6 °F colder than the port). Our distance between the two headers: 9.6 km = 6 mi.
Our calculation
spain.info (Spain's official tourism site), « Palma »: « The city is easy to explore on foot. » … « There are more than 50 kilometres of cycle lanes in the city. » … « Known for its sun and beach tourism, it also has a beautiful old town. » (50 km = 31 mi, ours)
Our calculation
HNMS normal values « 1991-2020 », station « KOS » (station list: elevation 125 m, latitude 36.8, longitude 27.086379991198; inland, ours from the coordinates): « data.normalValues.periods[1].name: 1991-2020 », January « min » 9 (9.0 °C = 48.2 °F, +0.7 °F, slim), « max » 13.7 (56.7 °F, −2.5 °F); February « min » 8.9 (Lisbon 9.1: −0.4 °F); July « max » 30.9 (87.6 °F; Lisbon July TX 28.2 °C = 82.8 °F, +4.9 °F, IPMA).
visitgreece.gr (Greek National Tourism Organisation), « Kos »: « It is the birthplace of Hippocrates » … « It is an ideal island for cycling » … « featuring well-maintained cycle paths that traverse much of its area. » … « Cycling Culture: Flat cycling routes along the coast. »
Our calculation
HNMS normal values « 1991-2020 », station « HERAKLION » (station list « IRAKLEIO », elevation 39.13 m, latitude 35.335188991645, longitude 25.182040614249): January « min » 9.2 (48.6 °F, said 49; +1.1 °F), « max » 15.4 (59.7 °F, +0.5 °F, slim); February « min » 8.9 (Lisbon 9.1: −0.4 °F); July « max » 29.4 (84.9 °F; Lisbon 82.8 °F, +2.2 °F). For comparison, Crete's other HNMS station with a 1991-2020 value, « SOUDA » (by Chania, 146.7 m): January « min » 8.4 (47.1 °F, short of Lisbon by 0.4 °F, C52).
- HNMS / EMY (Greece's national weather service) — climate data, normal values, station Heraklion (API record behind https://www.emy.gr/climatic-data)
- HNMS / EMY (Greece's national weather service) — climate data, normal values, station Souda (API record behind https://www.emy.gr/climatic-data)
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico (pdf)
Hellenic Ministry of Culture (odysseus.culture.gr), « Knossos »: « The Palace of Knossos. It is the largest of the preserved Minoan palatial centres. »; information page: « Knosos (Prefecture of Iraklio) » … « Open Winter: Every day From the 1rst of November : 08.30-17.00 (last admission 16:45) ». UNESCO World Heritage Centre, « Minoan Palatial Centres »: « consists of six archaeological sites (Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros, Zominthos and Kydonia) located on the island of Crete » … « Date of Inscription: 2025 ». Opening hours change: reviewBy one year.
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « CÁDIZ » (Cádiz observatory, header « 8452,36|29|59|N,006|15|28|W,2 »): January mean daily minimum « 8452,4,Mean,1,9.6 » (49.3 °F, +1.8 °F), mean daily maximum « 8452,3,Mean,1,16.2 » (61.2 °F, +2.0 °F); days with 1 mm of rain or more, January « 8452,2,Count,5,6.5 » (Lisbon 10.0, C17); days of 30 °C or more, year « 8452,121,Count,5 » … 24.8 (Lisbon 33.2, C18); NoY 29 for January. Rota naval base observatory (« 8449,36|38|20|N,006|19|57|W,21 »): « 8449,4,Mean,1,6.5 » (43.7 °F, 5.6 °F colder); Jerez de la Frontera airport (« 8451,36|45|02|N,006|03|21|W,27 »): « 8451,4,Mean,1,4.6 » (40.3 °F, 9.0 °F colder). Our distances from the headers: Cádiz–Rota 16.9 km = 10.5 mi, Cádiz–Jerez airport 33 km = 21 mi.
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Spain, Cádiz observatory (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Spain, Rota naval base observatory (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Spain, Jerez de la Frontera airport (csv)
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico (pdf)
spain.info, « Cádiz »: « Founded 3,000 years ago by the Phoenicians, Cádiz is the oldest city in Western Europe. » … « This peninsula, right on the Andalusian Atlantic coast, has been able to preserve an important historical legacy » … « There is a good reason why the Central Market located here. » The superlative is the tourism office's; said with its attribution.
Sardegna Turismo (the Region of Sardinia's tourism site), « Capo Carbonara, Villasimius »: « lo stagno di Notteri che ospita uccelli come calandro, falco pellegrino, fenicottero rosa e marangone. » … « Nell’area marina, all’interno della quale è vietata la pesca, potrai immergerti tutto l’anno grazie ai centri diving autorizzati. » italia.it, « Villasimius »: « la riserva naturale di Notteri dove sostano i fenicotteri ».
Our calculation
HNMS normal values « 1991-2020 », station « SANTORINI » (station list: elevation 17 m, latitude 36.392654, longitude 25.481131): January « min » 9.9 (49.8 °F, said 50; +2.3 °F), « max » 14.4 (57.9 °F, −1.3 °F); February « min » 9.8; July « max » 29.7 (85.5 °F; Lisbon 82.8 °F, +2.7 °F).
visitgreece.gr, « Santorini »: « Impressive hamlets spread across the rim of the caldera, like works of art carved into the rocks created by volcanic lava. » … « Historic Settlements: Oia and Fira with traditional architecture. »
Our calculation
IPMA, « Normal Climatológica – Cabo da Roca 1991-2020 », « Número da estação: 750 », « Latitude: 38.7816N », « Longitude: 9.4975W », « Altitude: 141.2 m »: « TN [°C] » January 10.0 (50.0 °F, +2.5 °F), « TX [°C] » January 14.3 (57.7 °F, −1.4 °F); « Série híbrida ». IPMA, « Normal Climatológica – Cabo Carvoeiro / Farol 1991-2020 » (39.3614N, 9.4070W, 32 m; the lighthouse on Peniche's headland, ours from the coordinates): TN January 9.9 (49.8 °F), TX 14.5. Our distance from IPMA's coordinates: Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico (38.7191N, 9.1497W) to Cabo da Roca 30.9 km = 19.2 mi.
Parques de Sintra, « Cabo da Roca Lighthouse »: « The most westerly point of mainland Europe. » … « Its operation started in 1772 and is currently the second oldest in the coast of Portugal. » … « In the immediate vicinity of the lighthouse, there is the emblematic cross with its homage to Luís de Camões » … « Where the earth ends and the sea begins »
Our calculation
HNMS normal values « 1991-2020 », station « RHODES » (station list « RODOS », elevation 3.49 m, latitude 36.407999897382, longitude 28.099799335796: on the island's northwest coast, ours from the coordinates): January « min » 10.5 (50.9 °F, said 51; +3.4 °F), « max » 15.2 (59.4 °F, +0.2 °F, level); February « min » 10.3; July « max » 30 (86.0 °F; Lisbon 82.8 °F, +3.2 °F). The highest January minimum among the Mediterranean stations counted in C27, a tenth of a degree Celsius above Pantelleria's 10.40 (C8), both 51 °F aloud (Melilla 10.3, outside the scope). The same station's earlier normal, « 1961-1990 », gives a January « min » of 8.6: the 1991-2020 value is the one compared.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre, « Medieval City of Rhodes »: « The Order of St John of Jerusalem occupied Rhodes from 1309 to 1523 and set about transforming the city into a stronghold. » … « With the Palace of the Grand Masters, the Great Hospital and the Street of the Knights, the Upper Town is one of the most beautiful urban ensembles of the Gothic period. In the Lower Town, Gothic architecture coexists with mosques, public baths and other buildings dating from the Ottoman period. »
Our calculation
IPMA, « Normal Climatológica – Ponta Delgada / Observatório Afonso Chaves 1991-2020 » (« Latitude: 37.7466N », « Longitude: 25.6627W », 35 m; « Série híbrida »): « TN [°C] » January 12.7 (54.9 °F, said 55; +7.4 °F), « TX [°C] » January 17.5 (63.5 °F); « P ≥ 1 mm » January 13.0 (Lisbon 10.0, C17). The other Azores normals: Horta 12.9, Flores 12.5, Angra do Heroísmo 12.5 (C27). Our distance from IPMA's coordinates, Lisbon to Ponta Delgada: 1,444 km = 897 mi.
Visit Azores (official tourism site), « Portas da Cidade »: « One of the most iconic monuments of Ponta Delgada, the Portas da Cidade (City Gates) were built in the eighteenth century next to the old quay and then transferred to the Gonçalo Velho Cabral Square during construction of the seaside Prince Henry Avenue. » … « Composed of three arches, featuring in the middle the royal and the city’s coat of arms, these gates are the city’s postcard. »
Our calculation
IPMA, « Normal Climatológica – Funchal 1991-2020 » (« Latitude: 32.6475N », « Longitude: 16.8925W », 58 m; no « Série híbrida » note): « TN [°C] » January 14.3 (57.7 °F, said 58; +10.3 °F), « TX [°C] » January 20.0 (68.0 °F); « P ≥ 1 mm » January 6.2 (Lisbon 10.0); « TX ≥ 30 °C » year 2.5 (Lisbon 33.2). Porto Santo, Madeira's other normal: TN 13.7 (C27). Our distance from IPMA's coordinates, Lisbon to Funchal: 971 km = 604 mi.
Visit Madeira (official tourism site), « Mercado dos Lavradores (Farmers' Market) »: « Inaugurated in 1940 in the centre of Funchal, the Mercado dos Lavradores is the supply point of the city. » … « This commercial space was inaugurated on 24 November 1940. » … « The façade, the main door and the fishmonger's shop are decorated with large tile panels from 1940 » … « Since then, the Mercado dos Lavradores has been part of the everyday life of the people of Funchal. » … « Find here the most famous fresh and tropical products of Madeira's archipelago. » … opening hours « Monday to Thursday: 07:00 - 19:00 | Friday: 07:00 - 20:00 | Saturday: 07:00 - 14:00 | Closed: Sunday » (said: every day except Sunday; the hours go on the sources page). Re-read 10/18/2026.
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « STA.CRUZ DE TENERIFE » (« 60020,28|27|48|N,016|15|19|W,35 »): January mean daily minimum « 60020,4,Mean,1,15.5 » (59.9 °F, said 60; +12.4 °F), mean daily maximum « 60020,3,Mean,1,21.5 » (70.7 °F); January days with 1 mm or more « 60020,2,Count,5,4.0 » (Lisbon 10.0). Station « TENERIFE/LOS RODEOS » (« 60015,28|28|39|N,016|19|46|W,632 », 632 m against Santa Cruz's 35 m: 597 m = 1,959 ft higher, said « 2,000 feet », ours): « 60015,4,Mean,1,10.3 » (50.5 °F, 9.4 °F colder than Santa Cruz). Aena (Spain's airport operator) names Tenerife North airport « Tenerife Norte-Ciudad de La Laguna »; Los Rodeos is that airport (ours, from the station name and coordinates). UNESCO, « San Cristóbal de La Laguna »: « San Cristóbal de La Laguna, in the Canary Islands, has two nuclei ». Our distance between the two headers: 7.4 km = 4.6 mi.
spain.info, « Santa Cruz de Tenerife »: « Every year, the island capital dresses in its best to welcome the Carnival , declared to be of international tourist interest and one of the most spectacular in Spain. » … « Santa Cruz de Tenerife is a beautiful port situated in Tenerife , the largest of the western islands in the Canary archipelago ». The carnival's dates (February-March) are not on the page and are not said.
Our calculation
WMO normals 1991-2020, station « HIERRO/AEROPUERTO » (« 60001,27|49|08|N,017|53|20|W,32 », the airport by Valverde): January mean daily minimum « 60001,4,Mean,1,17.0 » (62.6 °F, said 63; +15.1 °F), mean daily maximum « 60001,3,Mean,1,21.0 » (69.8 °F); January days with 1 mm or more « 60001,2,Count,5,3.4 ». The highest January minimum of all the files counted in C27 (ours).
Our calculation
spain.info, « El Hierro Biosphere Reserve »: « With a total area of 278 square kilometres, El Hierro is the smallest of the Canary Islands » … « secured its declaration as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in the year 2000 » … « Of the more than 10,000 inhabitants of El Hierro, about half live in Valverde, the island capital. » … « From the airport, located next to the capital, daily flights connect Gran Canaria and Tenerife with the island. » El Hierro's official tourism site: « Ferry journeys take approximately 2 hours and 20 minutes and connect the port of La Estaca, in the municipality of Valverde, with the port of Los Cristianos, on Tenerife. » (278 km² = 107 sq mi, ours)
Our calculation
January mean daily minimum, 1991-2020, against Lisbon 8.6 °C = 47.5 °F (C2): IPMA « Normal Climatológica – Faro » « TN [°C] » 8.3 (46.9 °F, −0.5 °F; « TX [°C] » 16.3 = 61.3 °F, warmer afternoons); WMO « MÁLAGA/AEROPUERTO » « 8482,4,Mean,1,8.1 » (46.6 °F, −0.9 °F; afternoons « 8482,3,Mean,1,17.4 » = 63.3 °F); WMO « VALENCIA » « 8285,4,Mean,1,7.7 » (45.9 °F, −1.6 °F); HNMS « ELLINIKON (HNMS) » (Athens) 1991-2020 January « min » 6.9 (44.4 °F, −3.1 °F); WMO « NICE » « 07690,4,Mean,1,5.8 » (42.4 °F, −5.0 °F); WMO Corsica, mildest « ILE_ROUSSE » « 07753,4,Mean,1,8.4 » and « CAP_PERTUSATO » « 07770,4,Mean,1,8.4 » (47.1 °F, −0.4 °F); HNMS « SOUDA » (by Chania) 8.4 (−0.4 °F); WMO « LARNAKA_AIRPORT » 7.8 (46.0 °F); WMO « SPLIT-MARJAN » 5.9 (42.6 °F). A margin under 1 °F is said « by less than a degree » or « about half a degree ».
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Faro (pdf)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Spain, Málaga airport (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Spain, Valencia (csv)
- HNMS / EMY (Greece's national weather service) — climate data, normal values, station Ellinikon (Athens) (API record behind https://www.emy.gr/climatic-data)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, France, Nice (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, France, Île-Rousse (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, France, Cap Pertusato (csv)
- HNMS / EMY (Greece's national weather service) — climate data, normal values, station Souda (API record behind https://www.emy.gr/climatic-data)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Cyprus, Larnaka airport (csv)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Croatia, Split-Marjan (csv)
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico (pdf)
Our calculation
January mean daily minimum, 1991-2020, within the combined rounding of Lisbon's 8.6 °C (C28 tie rule): WMO « ALMERÍA/AEROPUERTO » « 8487,4,Mean,1,8.7 » (+0.1 °C); HNMS « MYKONOS » « 1991-2020 » January « min » 8.7 (+0.1 °C); WMO Italy « Capri » 8.66 (+0.06 °C, C12); WMO « PAFOS_ AIRPORT » « ,4,Mean,1,8.6 » (0.0); IPMA « Sagres / Quartel da Marinha » « TN [°C] » 8.5 (−0.1 °C).
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Spain, Almería airport (csv)
- HNMS / EMY (Greece's national weather service) — climate data, normal values, station Mykonos (API record behind https://www.emy.gr/climatic-data)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Cyprus, Pafos airport (csv)
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Sagres / Quartel da Marinha (pdf)
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico (pdf)
Our calculation
Our comparison over the C27 files: Mediterranean maximum, Rhodes 10.5 °C = 50.9 °F (C42; Pantelleria 10.40, Messina 10.12). Atlantic islands, seaside normals: Azores 12.5-12.9 °C (Flores, Angra do Heroísmo, Ponta Delgada, Horta: 54.5-55.2 °F, +7.0 to +7.7 °F), Madeira 13.7-14.3 (Porto Santo, Funchal), the Canaries' seaside airports and Santa Cruz 13.6-17.0 (Lanzarote to El Hierro, +9.0 to +15.1 °F). The Canaries' inland Los Rodeos (632 m) is +3.1 °F (C48); Izaña, a mountain observatory, is left out.
- HNMS / EMY (Greece's national weather service) — climate data, normal values, station Rhodes (API record behind https://www.emy.gr/climatic-data)
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Flores / Aeroporto (pdf)
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Angra do Heroísmo / Observatório José Agostinho (pdf)
- NOAA NCEI — WMO climate normals 1991-2020, Spain, Lanzarote airport (csv)
- IPMA (Portugal's weather service) — Normal Climatológica 1991-2020, Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico (pdf)
Images and maps
- At 0:41 · Palma de Mallorca: “Ballermännle, Platja de Palma” by Steffen Mokosch, CC0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 1:12 · photo: “Farol de Belém at Sunset, Belém Lighthouse, Tagus River (50656270923)” by Sonse, CC BY 2.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 4:35 · Bay of Cádiz: “Playa de la Caleta en Cádiz - panoramio” by efepunto, CC BY 3.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 4:50 · Sardinia: “Capo Spartivento Lighthouse Sardinia 19-05-2026 (2)” by Wolfgang Fricke, CC BY 3.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 5:00 · Capo Carbonara: “The rocky beach of Capo Carbonara in Sardinia, Italy (48402831302)” by dronepicr, CC BY 2.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 5:32 · Capo Carbonara: “Luftbild vom Strand Capo Carbonara auf Sardinien, Italien (48399983136)” by dronepicr, CC BY 2.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 6:34 · Faro: “Cobbled side street in Faro's Old Town with graffiti (29095314366)” by Winniepix from UK, CC BY 2.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 6:41 · Faro: “Cacela Velha Fortress2” by Marc Ryckaert (MJJR), CC BY 2.5 — cropped, color-graded
- At 7:56 · Cabo da Roca: “Cliffs at Cabo da Roca, Portugal, 20250606 1530 0295” by Jakub Hałun, CC BY 4.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 8:21 · Strait of Messina: “Reggio Calabria, Italija 2025” by August Dominus, CC0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 8:38 · Messina: “Reggio Calabria, Italija 26.11.2025” by August Dominus, CC0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 10:00 · Rhodes: “The entrance to Mandraki Harbour - panoramio” by ianpudsey, CC BY 3.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 10:06 · Rhodes: “Street of the Knights, Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece” by Julian Lupyan, CC0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 10:28 · Rhodes: “Trou hole walls muraille Rhodes Port Harbour” by Jebulon, CC0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 11:17 · Azores: “Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal. (27553589711)” by Adamina, CC BY 2.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 11:23 · Ponta Delgada: “City Gates, Ponta Delgada, Sāo Miguel, Azores, Portugal (23159338039)” by Ravi Sarma, CC BY 2.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 12:03 · Funchal: “Mercado dos Lavradores, Funchal - Nov 2010 (1)” by Alexander Baxevanis, CC BY 2.0 — cropped, color-graded
- At 13:10 · La Laguna: “San Cristobal de la Laguna 11” by Ronny Siegel, CC BY 3.0 — cropped, color-graded
- Maps: “Natural Earth 1:50m country outlines” by Natural Earth, Public domain — drawn as our own maps
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Video footage
- At 0:00 · Lisbon: “Portas do Sol Viewpoint Overlooking Alfama and Tagus River Lisbon Portugal Shot with Cinema Camera” by RPH Studio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:02 · Lisbon: “Stunning aerial views of Lisbon at twilight showcasing the vibrant cityscape and waterfront” by AlexAerial, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:05 · Canary Islands: “Arial view. Santa Cruz harbour at sunrise from the sea, Tenerife, Canary Islands.” by Hanna, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:08 · Lisbon: “Commercial square in sunset lights. Lisbon, Portugal. Panoramic shot. View from the observation deck on Triumphal arch of the Augusta street” by SJ Travel, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:11 · Azores: “Aerial view of Vila Franca do Campo on San Miguel Island, Azores archipelagos, Portugal.” by Amazing Aerial, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:15 · Lisbon: “People jogging and walking on lisbon promenade at sunset” by KONSTANTIN SHISHKIN, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:24 · Lisbon: “Elderly Couple Sitting By River Shore In City of Lisbon” by Roddig, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:30 · Palma: “4K Aerial Video of Palma Marina with Cathedral in Background, Mallorca” by whereguygoes, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:35 · Palma: “Evening view of the illuminated Cathedral of Santa Maria in Palma, Mallorca aerial footage of the city lights and harbor at dusk. Majestic” by SJ Travel, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:47 · Palma de Mallorca: “People walking around the old town of Palma De Mallorca in Spain.” by Aerial Film Studio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 0:55 · Mallorca: “Aerial view of lush meadow with grazing sheep and winding road, Mallorca, Spain.” by Amazing Aerial, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 1:01 · Palma de Mallorca: “Aerial view of the highway near Palma de Mallorca and the beach in Spain. Road goes into the capital.” by Aerial Film Studio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 1:08 · Palma: “AERIAL: Hotels on Palma Beach first Row with Ocean and Beach on Tropical Island Mallorca, Spain on Sunny Day Vacation, Travel, Sunny” by 21Aerials, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 1:16 · footage: “Aerial view lighthouse in Madeira, Portugal at sunset” by aerocaminua, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 1:21 · Palma: “View of the promenade with palm trees at sunset, the city of Palma de Mallorca” by cubens, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 1:29 · Kos: “Aerial view of the vibrant beach meeting the turquoise sea, alongside the bustling harbor of Kos, a captivating blend of nature and urban life, Kos, Greece.” by Amazing Aerial, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 1:38 · Kos: “Handheld video clip capturing the historic white architecture of the Kos City Hall building situated next to the medieval Neratzia castle and the sea in Kos town, Greece.” by RomeoHuidu, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 1:43 · Kos: “Handheld video clip capturing the massive stone fortification walls and historical ruins of the medieval Neratzia Castle located near the port of Kos town, Greece.” by RomeoHuidu, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 1:50 · Kos: “Video clip of authentic colorful wooden fishing boats docked at the pier in the harbor of Kardamena village on Kos island, Greece.” by RomeoHuidu, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 1:57 · Kos: “Handheld video clip showing colorful traditional wooden fishing boats moored at the pier in the harbor of Kos city, Greece.” by RomeoHuidu, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:02 · Kos: “Handheld video clip capturing the massive stone fortification walls and historical ruins of the medieval Neratzia Castle located near the port of Kos town, Greece.” by RomeoHuidu, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:08 · Kos: “Drone footage capturing a pristine, isolated sandy coastline with beautiful turquoise waves rolling onto the empty shore of Kos island, Greece.” by RomeoHuidu, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:16 · Heraklion: “Crete Greece - Venetian harbour of Heraklion Koules fortress” by RichardjJones, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:22 · Heraklion: “Close-up tilt shot of the port of Heraklion and Venetian shipyards in the Greek island of Crete” by Filipe Samora, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:27 · Knossos: “The north entrance to the Minoan Palace of Knossos in Heraklion, Crete, Greece with the charging bull fresco. Knossos is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site in Crete.” by Filipe Samora, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:35 · Knossos: “Minoan civilization Palace of Knossos Crete Greece” by RichardjJones, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:42 · Chania: “Aerial view of Old Venetian Port of Chania, Greece.” by Amazing Aerial, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:47 · Crete: “Stunning aerial panorama of the old town and harbor of Chania on the island of Crete, Greece” by altkalcec, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:54 · Heraklion: “Wide angle shot of the famous Venetian Koules Fortress in Heraklion, Crete, Greece” by Filipe Samora, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 2:59 · Heraklion: “Crete Greece - Heraklion city timelapse” by RichardjJones, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 3:07 · Palermo: “fishing boats and small yachts moored in the leisure port of palermo” by dubassy stock, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 3:16 · footage: “Graceful Hands Opening the Door” by Artfamily, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 3:56 · Cádiz: “A narrow pedestrian city street” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 4:05 · Cádiz: “People on a promenade at sunset” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 4:12 · Cádiz: “Cadiz City Walls by the water” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 4:16 · Cádiz: “A promenade in Cadiz” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 4:22 · Cádiz: “Strolling through the picturesque alleyways of Cadiz, Andalucia, Spain, unveils a tapestry of historic charm and sun-dappled streets” by Filipe Samora, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 4:28 · Bay of Cádiz: “Cadiz aerial shot beach and Bay of Cadiz Puerto Real or Pepa bridge Spain” by alixmillet, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 4:41 · Cádiz: “Stunning sunset along the coast of Cadiz, Andalucia, Spain, casting a golden glow over the Castillo de San Sebastian” by Filipe Samora, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 5:05 · Villasimius: “Torre di Porto Giunco Tower and Simius Beach near Villasimius, Sardinia, Italy. View from flying drone. Torre di Porto Giunco tower on Carbonara cape. Aerial morning view of Sardinia island, Italy” by _DaLiu_, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 5:13 · Villasimius: “Torre di Porto Giunco Tower and Simius Beach near Villasimius, Sardinia, Italy. View from flying drone. Torre di Porto Giunco tower on Carbonara cape. Aerial morning view of Sardinia island, Italy” by _DaLiu_, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 5:25 · Cagliari: “Aerial view of Cagliari, Sardinia, featuring the historic Castello district, medieval architecture, and the Gulf of Cagliari with distant mountains.” by Aerial Film Studio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 5:43 · Santorini: “Village lanes threading the Oia caldera ridge between two seas in Santorini” by SlicedBread, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 5:49 · Oia: “Street along the white buildings of Oia, Santorini, Greece” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 5:53 · Oia: “Cobblestone street in Oia, Santorini, Greece” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 5:58 · Santorini: “Village lights over the caldera at dusk in Oia on Santorini Greece” by SlicedBread, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 6:04 · Mykonos: “Mykonos Windmills and the Aegean Sea, Greece” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 6:10 · Santorini: “The Greek buildings of Oia village, Santorini island” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 6:16 · Santorini: “Santorini Greece Luxury Terrace with Wooden Table and Caldera Sea View.” by OlegBog, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 6:22 · Santorini: “Relaxing on a terrace, Santorini, Greece” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 6:30 · Algarve: “European coastal cliffs and beach in the Algarve” by Frieslandinvogelvlucht, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 6:46 · Málaga: “Palm trees near the Muelle Uno Passage” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 6:53 · Valencia: “Las Arenas Beach At Valencia In Valencian Community Spain. Urban Beach. Bay Water Scenery. Downtown City. Las Arenas Beach At Valencia In Valencian Community Spain. Peaceful Landscape.” by bydronevideos, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 7:00 · Dubrovnik: “Fort Lovrijenac and Dubrovnik town on calm sea coast camera moving around” by clickmymedia, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 7:06 · Canary Islands: “View of seafront promenade, natural bathing bays, fishing town Alcala, south coast of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.” by Igor Tichonow, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 7:17 · Cabo da Roca: “Cabo da Roca, Portugal - September 2015: group of old tourists standing near Monument in the Cabo da Roca, the western point of Europe - Portugal, Cabo da Roca” by fancystudio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 7:25 · Cabo da Roca: “Cabo da Roca Lighthouse Tourist Attraction, Portugal” by Roddig, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 7:31 · Cabo da Roca: “Cabo da Roca, Cliffs and Atlantic Ocean at Sunset. Lighthouse, Cross and Tourists. Portugal. Aerial View. Drone Moves Upwards, Tilt Down” by WhiteMountMedia, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 7:37 · Cabo da Roca: “Lighthouse Beam at Cabo da Roca at Night. Portugal.” by WhiteMountMedia, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 7:41 · Cabo da Roca: “Cabo da Roca, Cape Roca, Cliffs and Atlantic Ocean at Sunset. Lighthouse and Cross. Portugal. Aerial View. Orbiting” by WhiteMountMedia, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 7:46 · Peniche: “Aerial View Of Peniche Fortress and City” by Dualstock, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 7:52 · Peniche: “A panoramic shot showing the sea, jetty and coast of the fishing village of Peniche, Portugal” by Filipe Samora, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 8:01 · Messina: “Aerial view of stunning cityscape and harbor in Messina, Sicily, Italy” by Aerial Film Studio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 8:07 · Messina: “View of the Messina's port with the gold Madonna della Lettera statue” by Aerial Film Studio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 8:13 · Messina: “Aerial view of stunning cityscape and harbor in Messina, Sicily, Italy” by Aerial Film Studio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 8:28 · Messina: “View of the Messina's port with the gold Madonna della Lettera statue” by Aerial Film Studio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 8:44 · Messina: “Aerial view of stunning cityscape and harbor in Messina, Sicily, Italy” by Aerial Film Studio, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 8:50 · Messina: “Aerial Drone View over Messina, Sicily, Italy. Tempio di Cristo Re Temple on a Hill over the Harbour on Sunny Day.” by tomasadzke, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 9:08 · footage: “houses, mountains, town houses, panorama” by WN79, Pixabay Content License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 9:17 · Sicily: “The incredible vulcano island off the coast of Sicily, Italy. this shot is at the harbour” by dubassy stock, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 9:50 · Rhodes: “Mandraki port with deers statue, where The Colossus was standing and fort of St. Nicholas. Rhodes, Greece. Hirschkuh statue in the place of the Colossus of Rhodes, Rhodes, Greece” by _DaLiu_, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 9:54 · Rhodes: “Mandraki port with deers statue, where The Colossus was standing and fort of St. Nicholas. Rhodes, Greece. Hirschkuh statue in the place of the Colossus of Rhodes, Rhodes, Greece” by _DaLiu_, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 10:14 · Rhodes: “Panoramic view of Rhodes old town on Rhodes island, Greece. Rhodes old fortress cityscape with sea port at foreground. Travel destinations in Rhodes, Greece.” by _DaLiu_, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 10:22 · Rhodes: “View of the Saint Nicholas Fort through the trees in Rhodes city, Greece” by VladyslavStarozhylov, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 10:34 · Rhodes: “View of the Saint Nicholas Fort through the trees in Rhodes city, Greece” by VladyslavStarozhylov, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 10:39 · Rhodes: “View of a historic street in the old town of Rhodes, Greece.” by VladyslavStarozhylov, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 10:44 · Ponta Delgada: “Coastal aerial view of Ponta Delgada and city layout” by collab_media_kg, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 10:48 · Azores: “Drone flying over steep coast and green fields of San Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.” by SJ Travel, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 10:54 · Azores: “Aerial shot of Lagoa de Santiago - lake in volcanic crater. San Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.” by SJ Travel, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 11:01 · Lisbon: “Beautiful City of Lisbon Skyline Cinematic Style” by Roddig, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 11:07 · Ponta Delgada: “Evening view of marina and the embankment of Ponta Delgada. Sao Miguel Island, Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.” by SJ Travel, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 11:12 · Lisbon: “Aerial view Alfama, oldest district of Lisbon, Portugal.” by Hanna, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 11:30 · Azores: “Aerial view flying over colorful houses with orange tiled roofs in Angra do Heroismo, Azores” by altkalcec, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 11:36 · Azores: “Drone flying backwards over a typical street with colorful houses in Angra do Heroismo, Azores” by altkalcec, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 11:40 · São Miguel: “Panoramic shot of Vila Franca do Campo and little Island da Vila near it. Sao Miguel Island, Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.” by SJ Travel, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 11:46 · Funchal: “Stunning Aerial Views Of Funchal, The Capital City Of Madeira, Portugal” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 11:50 · Funchal: “Promenade in Funchal, Madeira” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 11:58 · Funchal: “Funchal Streets in Madeira, Portugal” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 12:15 · Porto Santo: “aerial view, beach, blue water, carbon” by Shutter_Footage, Pixabay Content License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 12:21 · Madeira: “Wide-angle view of rugged cliffs and turquoise ocean at Madeira Ponta de Sao Lourenco, Portugal, with waves crashing against rocks under a” by art24pro, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 12:25 · Madeira: “Scenic Cliffs of Madeira” by ATW Films, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 12:31 · Santa Cruz de Tenerife: “Plaza de Espana with the Castillo de San Cristobal in Santa Cruz de Tenerife” by worldfootage, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 12:38 · Santa Cruz de Tenerife: “Fountain and pool on the Spain Square in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary islands, Spain” by Harmony Video Production, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 12:46 · Santa Cruz de Tenerife: “Aerial view. City of Santa Cruz de Tenerife on the sunset. The capital of the Canary Islands in Spain. A city by the ocean.” by Hanna, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 12:52 · Santa Cruz de Tenerife: “Fountain on the Spain Square in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary islands” by Harmony Video Production, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 12:59 · La Laguna: “View from the height on townscape San Cristobal De La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain” by VladyslavStarozhylov, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 13:05 · La Laguna: “View from the height on Cathedral and townscape San Cristobal De La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain” by VladyslavStarozhylov, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 13:15 · Santa Cruz de Tenerife: “Arriving at the harbour of Santa Cruz de Tenerife” by worldfootage, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 13:20 · Canary Islands: “Coastal town nestled against cliffs in the Canary Islands.” by alixmillet, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 13:32 · El Hierro: “Aerial view of Arco de la Tosca natural rock arch on El Hierro island, Canary Islands, Spain. Golden sunlight illuminates the volcanic red” by SJ Travel, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 13:36 · El Hierro: “Aerial view of Arco de la Tosca natural rock arch on El Hierro in the Canary Islands. Drone footage shows ocean waves and volcanic cliffs” by SJ Travel, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 13:42 · El Hierro: “Walking path through volcanic lava fields of El Hierro with green succulents blooming. Cinematic gimbal shot of scenic hiking trail near the” by SJ Travel, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 13:48 · Canary Islands: “LOS CRISTIANOS, TENERIFE ISLAND, CANARY ISLANDS, ATLANTIC OCEAN, SPAIN, OCTOBER 2, 2019: People on upper deck on Volcan de Taburiente ferry, view on Los Cristianos town on Tenerife island” by Harmony Video Production, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 13:55 · Canary Islands: “Red life buoy on Volcan de Taburiente ferry. Ship float in Atlantic ocean from Los Cristianos on Tenerife island to San Sebastian on La Gomera island” by Harmony Video Production, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 13:59 · Canary Islands: “San Sebastian city on La Gomera island, Canary islands, Atlantic ocean, Spain. View from arrive ferry ship from Tenerife island” by Harmony Video Production, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 14:04 · footage: “Aerial view of buildings perched on a dramatic cliffside overlooking the tranquil sea with the town as a backdrop, Agropoli, Campania, Italy.” by Amazing Aerial, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 14:12 · footage: “Aerial view over long rocky coastline in Portugal on sunset. Beautiful natural landscape with ocean rocky shore” by Hanna, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 3:20 · footage: “Island of Sardinia, western Mediterranean rugged coast, Italy. Mediterranean island of Sardinia (Sardegna), Italy. Cliffs at the western shore, Sardinia, Italy.” by _DaLiu_, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 3:37 · Maratea: “Aerial view of the long coastline with inlets facing the Mediterranean Sea at sunset, Maratea, Potenza, Italy.” by Amazing Aerial, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
- At 3:48 · footage: “Aerial view of the harbor and town of Aci Trezza, showcasing the contrasting textures of the sea and the buildings, Aci Trezza, Sicily, Italy.” by Amazing Aerial, Storyblocks Individual License — trimmed, color-graded
Music and sound
- Music: “Original music” by Retire in Europe with Claire, Original music made for this channel
- Sound effects: “Sound effects” by Retire in Europe with Claire, Sound effects made for this channel
Script
Researched and written by Retire in Europe with Claire from the official sources above.
Please note
Researched and produced in Europe by an independent publisher. General information from official sources, with the dates we checked them on our sources page. Not legal, tax, financial or medical advice, and no one here is a lawyer or tax adviser. Rules change, so check the linked official page before you act. Not affiliated with any government.